This especially may be the case for adults with mild intellectual disabilities (MID 1), who have been shown to experience much more stress in daily life than people without intellectual disabilities ( Emerson, 2003 Hatton and Emerson, 2004 Schuengel and Janssen, 2006), having fewer resources to cope with daily life stress ( Lunsky and Benson, 2001 Hartley and MacLean, 2009b Scott and Havercamp, 2014). Although many people have found ways to adequately cope with stress and its possible negative consequences, it still appears to be difficult for a substantial number of people to cope with daily stressors, and the demands of contemporary life ( Holahan et al., 2005 World Health Organization, 2010 Casey, 2017 De Witte et al., 2020b). Continuous high levels of stress have been shown to negatively affect our health (e.g., Australian Psychological Society, 2015 American Psychological Association, 2017). Stress reduction has become increasingly important in health care practices of many professional fields, including music therapy. Practical implications for stress-reducing music therapy interventions for adults with MID are discussed as well as recommendations for future research. Furthermore, the tempo and the dynamics of the music are considered as the most important musical components to reduce stress in adults with MID. The goal of “synchronizing” can be seen as a sub goal because it often precedes working on the other two goals of “tension release” or “direct relaxation,” which can also be seen as two ways of reaching stress reduction in adults with MID through music therapy interventions. Results show that three therapy goals for stress relief could be distinguished. The main findings indicate that music therapists used little to no receptive (e.g., music listening) interventions for stress reduction, but preferred to use active interventions, which were mainly based on musical improvisation. Data-analysis resulted in the further specification of therapeutic goals, intervention techniques, the use of musical instruments, and related therapeutic change factors. Results provide an overview of the most-used interventions for stress reduction within and outside of music. In order to gain more insight into the practice-based knowledge on how music therapists lower stress levels of their patients with MID during music therapy sessions, we conducted focus group interviews with music therapists working with adults with MID ( N = 13) from different countries and clinical institutions in Europe. Hence, the development of music therapy interventions for stress reduction, particularly within populations where needs may be greater, is becoming increasingly important. This need seems particularly important for adults with mild intellectual disabilities (MID) who have been shown to have more difficulties coping with stress than adults without intellectual disabilities. Stress is increasingly being recognized as one of the main factors that is negatively affecting our health, and therefore there is a need to regulate daily stress and prevent long-term stress. 6Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Open University, Heerlen, Netherlands.5Faculty of Healthcare, Zuyd University of Applied Sciences, Heerlen, Netherlands.4KenVaK, Research Centre for the Arts Therapies, Heerlen, Netherlands.3Stevig, Expert Centre for People with Mild Intellectual Disabilities, Gennep, Netherlands.2Academy of Health and Vitality, HAN University of Applied Sciences, Nijmegen, Netherlands.1Research Institute of Child Development and Education, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.Martina de Witte 1,2,3,4* Esther Lindelauf 2 Xavier Moonen 1,5 Geert-Jan Stams 1 Susan van Hooren 4,5,6
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